Network transmission medium

Network transmission medium

The network transmission medium is an entity that transmits data and connects various network sites in the network. Network information can also be transmitted using radio systems, microwave wireless systems, and infrared technology. At present, the common network transmission media are: twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber and so on.
1. Twisted Pair Cable (TP): encapsulate more than one pair of twisted pairs in an insulating jacket. In order to reduce the degree of signal interference, each pair of twisted pairs in the cable is generally composed of two insulated copper conductors. Twisted and twisted, so it is called a twisted pair. Twisted pair is divided into unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted pair (STP).

The UTPs currently on the market are divided into four categories: category 3, category 4, category 5 and category 5:
Category 3: The transmission rate supports 10Mbps, the outer protective rubber is thin, and "cat3" is marked on the leather
Category 4: Not commonly used in the network
Category 5 (Super Category 5): The transmission rate supports 100Mbps or 10Mbps, the outer protective rubber is thicker, and "cat5" is marked on the leather
Super Cat5 twisted pair has less attenuation than ordinary Cat5 twisted pair when transmitting signals, and has stronger anti-interference ability. In 100M network, the degree of interference is only 1/4 of that of Cat5, which is rarely used at present. .

STP is divided into three types and 5 types. The internal of STP is the same as UTP. It is covered with aluminum foil, which has strong anti-interference ability, high transmission rate, but expensive.

Twisted-pair cable is generally used for the wiring connection of the star network. RJ-45 heads (crystal heads) are installed at both ends to connect the network card and the hub. The maximum network cable length is 100 meters. Repeaters can be installed between the strands, up to 4 repeaters can be installed, such as installing 4 repeaters with 5 network segments, the maximum transmission range can reach 500 meters.

2. Coaxial cable: It consists of a hollow outer cylindrical conductor and an inner conductor located on the central axis. The inner conductor and the cylindrical conductor are separated from the outside by an insulating material. According to different diameters, it can be divided into two types: thick cable and thin cable:
Thick cable: long transmission distance, good performance but high cost, difficult network installation and maintenance. It is generally used for trunk lines of large local area networks. Terminations are required at both ends when connecting.
(1) The thick cable is connected to the external transceiver.
(2) Connect the AUI cable between the transceiver and the network card.
(3) The network card must have an AUI interface (15-pin D-type interface): 500 meters per segment, 100 users, 4 repeaters up to 2500 meters, a minimum of 2.5 meters between transceivers, and a maximum of 50 meters for transceiver cables.
Thin cable: connected to the BNC network card, with 50 ohm termination resistors at both ends. With T-shaped head, the minimum distance between T-shaped head is 0.5 meters. The length of each trunk of the thin cable network is up to 185 meters, and each trunk can access up to 30 users. If 4 repeaters are used to connect 5 network segments, the maximum distance of the network can reach 925 meters.
Thin cable installation is easier and the cost is lower, but daily maintenance is inconvenient. Once a user fails, it will affect the normal work of other users.

According to the different transmission frequency bands, it can be divided into two types: baseband coaxial cable and broadband coaxial cable:
Baseband: digital signal, the signal occupies the entire channel, and can transmit a signal at the same time.
Broadband: Can transmit signals of different frequencies.

3. Optical fiber: It is a small and flexible transmission medium composed of a group of optical fibers for propagating light beams. Using optical principles, the optical transmitter generates a light beam, turns the electrical signal into an optical signal, and then introduces the optical signal into the optical fiber. At the other end, the optical receiver receives the optical signal from the optical fiber and converts it into an electrical signal. Processing after decoding. Compared with other transmission media, optical fiber has good electromagnetic insulation performance, small signal attenuation, frequency bandwidth, fast transmission speed, and large transmission distance. It is mainly used for backbone network connection that requires long transmission distance and special wiring conditions.

Divided into single-mode fiber and multi-mode fiber:
Single-mode fiber: The laser is used as the light source, there is only one optical path, the transmission distance is long, more than 2 kilometers.
Multimode fiber: lighted by diode, low speed and short distance, within 2 kilometers.

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